2005 [IEEE 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference - Shanghai, China (2006_01_17-2006_01_1

The 3a Protein of SARS-coronavirus Induces Apoptosis in Vero E6 Cells Mary M.Y. Waye1,5, Patrick T.W. Law1,2, Chi-Hang Wong2, Thomas C.C. Au2, Chi-Pang Chuck1, Siu- Kai Kong1, Paul K.S. Chan3, Ka-Fai To4, Anthony W.I. Lo4, Judy Y.W. Chan1, Yick-Keung Suen1, H.Y. Edwin Chan1, Kwok-Pui Fung1,5, Joseph J.Y. Sung2,6, Y.M. Dennis Lo2,7, Stephen K.W. Tsui1,2,5 1Department of Biochemistry, 2Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3Department of Microbiology, 4Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, 5The Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, 6Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and 7Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China. Summary An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in China and the first case emerged in mid November 2002. The etiologic agent of this disease was found to be a previously unknown coronavirus, SARS-CoV. The detailed pathology of SARS-CoV infection and the host response to the viral infection are still not known. The 3a gene encodes a non-structural viral protein which is predicted to be a transmembrane protein. In this study, we showed that the 3a protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in 3a-transfected monkey kidney Vero E6 cells. In vitro experiments of chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation suggest that the 3a protein may trigger apoptosis. Our data show that over-expression of a single SARS-CoV protein can induce apoptosis in vitro. Thus GFP- 3a fusion protein could also be used as a biosensor for monitoring the cytopathic features of SARS infection, e.g. lymphopenia, in animal model systems, similar to nucleocapsid and 7a proteins. Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had affected more than 8,000 individuals and caused 774 deaths in 26 countries (http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/). Different strain of the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was sequenced since the outbreak of SARS, and their genomes were rapidly sequenced (Marra et al., 2003; Rota et al., 2003; Ruan et al., 2003; Tsui, Chim, and Lo, 2003; Yeh et al., 2004). The 3a locus (also known as X1 or ORF3; CDS: 25,268 to 26,092 in Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV) encodes one of the ORFs with unknown function and is located between two structural genes encoding the spike and the envelope proteins of the SARS-CoV genome (Marra et al., 2003). Interestingly, the 3a ORF is not found in other two human coronaviruses (OC43 and 229E). This suggests that the 3a protein is a newly emerged protein in coronavirus. Methods, Results and Discussion When the 3a sequence was searched against the SMART server (Letunic et al., 2004), a predicted signal sequence was found at aa 1 to 16. In addition, three transmembrane domains were predicted at aa 34-56, 77-99 and 103-125 (Fig. 1). Further, the carboxyl terminal region of the 3a protein shares 53% (aa 209- 264) and 40% (aa 152-254) similarity respectively to the Plasmodium calcium pump and the Shewanella Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, 2005 0-7803-8740-6/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE. 7482 outer membrane porin. Notably, the outer membrane porins are a family of bacterial proteins that may oligomerize to form transmembrane channels for the passive diffusion of small molecules across membranes. Fig. 1 Schematic diagram showing the topology of the 3a protein as predicted by the SMART server. A signal sequence (in grey colour) and 3 transmembrane regions (red, green and blue in colour) were located at residue 1 to16, 34 to 56, 77 to 99 and 103 to 125, respectively. To determine the subcellular localization of the 3a protein, pEGFP-3a was co-expressed with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific construct DsRed2-ER in Vero E6 cells. At one day post- transfection, we observed a punctate fluorescent-signal pattern, similar to that of the ER, and co- localization of the fluorescent signals from the ER-specific protein was observed in pEGFP-3a- transfected Vero E6 cells (Fig. 2A-D). Similar immunofluorescent pattern was obtained in pcDNA4-3a- transfected Vero E6 cells (data not shown). To validate the targeting of the 3a protein to the ER was driven by the putative signal sequence, deletion mutants pEGFP-3a-?16 and pEGFP-3a-?130 were prepared with the N-terminus 16 residues and 130 residues removed, respectively. The signal sequence was removed in the construct pEGFP-3a-?16 while both the signal sequence and the three predicted transmembrane domains were removed in the construct pEGFP-3a-?130. It was found that none of these deletion mutants demonstrated a characteristic ER location (Fig. 2E-J). Fig. 2 Subcellular localization of the 3a protein in pEGFP-3a- and pEGFP-3a deletion mutants-transfected Vero E6 cells. (A-D) The GFP-3a protein was co-expressed with DsRed2-ER and the fluorescent signals were detected. (A) The fluorescent detection of the 3a protein, indicating the subcellular location of the ER. (B) The localization of DsRed2-ER tracker protein. (C) Hoechst 33342 staining showing the localization of the nucleus and (D) the overlay of fluorescent signals. Regions of overlapped are displayed in yellow. (E-J) A B C D 25 ?m pEGFP-3a pEGFP-3a-?16 25 ?m E F G pEGFP-3a-?130 25 ?m H I J 7483 Fluorescent signals from the pEGFP-3a deletion mutants-transfected Vero E6 cells. The localization of the deletion mutants, Hoeschst 33342 counter staining and overlay of fluorescent signals are shown in E-G (pEGFP-3a-?16) and H-J (pEGFP-3a-?130), respectively. SARS-CoV can induce cytopathic effect and apoptosis (Yan et al., 2004) in some cell culture models such as Vero E6 cells and the nucleocapsid protein is able to induce apoptosis in COS-1 monkey kidney cells in the absence of growth factors (Surjit et al., 2004). Recently, the ORF7a protein has been shown to induce apoptosis when overexpressed in Vero E6 cells (Tan et al., 2004). To investigate whether the 3a protein could induce apoptosis, Vero E6 cells were transfected with pEGFP-3a and morphological changes were examined using the inverted fluorescent microscope. On day 3 post-transfection, extensive chromatin condensation, a hallmark of apoptosis, was observed in GFP positive cells. These results imply that the 3a protein induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 Chromatin condensation in Vero E6 cells induced by the GFP-3a protein. Cells were transfected with pEGFP-C1 empty vector (upper panel) and pEGFP-3a (lower Panel). GFP–positive cells with chromatin condensation are indicated by arrows. The overlay of the GFP and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent signals is shown. To examine whether the 3a protein would induce DNA fragmentation, a common phenomenon of apoptosis, Vero E6 cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA4-3a. The expression level of the 3a protein and the possible internucleosomal DNA cleavage were monitored daily for 5 days (data not shown) and extensive low-molecular-weight apoptotic DNA fragments were observed from day 3 onwards (Fig. 4). There was no sign of DNA fragmentation in Vero E6 cells transfected with pcDNA4- HRPL29 (human ribosomal protein L29) (data not shown). pEGFP-C1 PI stain Overlay pEGFP-3a GFP 25 ?m M CTL 3 4 5 Time post-transfection (days) 7484 Fig. 4 DNA fragmentation in mammalian cells induced by the 3a protein. (A) The 3a protein induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells. Lane M, 100 bp ladder molecular markers. Apoptotic laddering was observed in pcDNA4-3a-transfected Vero E6 cells from 3 days post-transfection onwards. No low-molecular-mass DNA fragments were observed following transfection of pcDNA4 empty vector (CTL). Conclusion The sequence analysis suggests that the 3a protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence and three transmembrane domains and our results indicate that the 3a protein localization is the ER. Apoptosis is an important defense mechanism that controls the viral infection (O'Brien, 1998; Roulston,Marcellus, and Branton, 1999). On the other hand, virus-induced apoptosis can limit the inflammatory response and somehow facilitate the dissemination of progeny undetected by the host immune system (O'Brien, 1998). Recently, the nucleocapsid protein and the non-structural protein ORF7a have been shown to induce apoptosis when overexpressed in COS-1 cells and Vero E6 cells, respectively (Surjit et al., 2004; Tan et al., 2004). Here we demonstrate for the first time that the non-structural protein 3a alone can induce apoptosis in SARS-CoV susceptible Vero E6 cells and our study shows that overexpression of the 3a protein can induce chromatin condensation and low-molecular-weight apoptotic DNA fragmentation from 3 days post-transfection. Acknowledgments This project team is supported by the Research Fund for the Control of Infectious Diseases (RFCID) from the Health, Welfare and Food Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR Government. References Letunic, I., Copley, R. R., Schmidt, S., Ciccarelli, F. D., Doerks, T., Schultz, J., Ponting, C. P., and Bork, P. (2004). SMART 4.0: towards genomic data integration. Nucleic Acids Res 32 Database issue, D142-4. Marra, M. A., Jones, S. J., Astell, C. R. & 56 other authors. (2003). The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 300(5624), 1399- 404. O'Brien, V. (1998). Viruses and apoptosis. J Gen Virol 79 ( Pt 8), 1833-45. Rota, P. A., Oberste, M. S., Monroe, S. S., and 32 other authors. (2003). Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300(5624), 1394-9. Roulston, A., Marcellus, R. C., and Branton, P. E. (1999). Viruses and apoptosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 53, 577-628. Ruan, Y. J., Wei, C. L., Ee, A. L. and 17 other authors. (2003). Comparative full-length genome sequence analysis of 14 SARS coronavirus isolates and common mutations associated with putative origins of infection. Lancet 361(9371), 1779-85. Surjit, M., Liu, B., Jameel, S., Chow, V. T., and Lal, S. K. (2004). The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induces actin reorganization and apoptosis in COS-1 cells in the absence of growth factors. Biochem J 383(Pt 1), 13-8. Tan, Y. J., Fielding, B. C., Goh, P. Y., Shen, S., Tan, T. H., Lim, S. G., and Hong, W. (2004). Overexpression of 7a, a protein specifically encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol 78(24), 14043-7. Tsui, S. K.W, Chim, S. S., and Lo, Y. M. (2003). Coronavirus genomic-sequence variations and the epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 349(2), 187-8. Yan, H., Xiao, G., Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Yuan, F., Cole, D. K., Zheng, C., and Gao, G. F. (2004). SARS coronavirus induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells. J Med Virol 73(3), 323-31. Yeh, S. H., Wang, H. Y., Tsai, C. Y., Kao, C. L., Yang, J. Y., Liu, H. W., Su, I. J., Tsai, S. F., Chen, D. S., and Chen, P. J. (2004). Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus genomes in Taiwan: molecular epidemiology and genome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(8), 2542-7. 7485