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The Molecular Biology of SARS Coronavirus NAMITA SATIJA AND SUNIL K. LAL Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT: Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)isthefirstemerg- ing infectious disease of the 21st century that has been highly transmis- sible and fatal and was caused by a previously unknown coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The SARS epidemic in 2003 resulted in more than 8400 SARS cases and approximately 800 deaths. Existing in non-identified animal reservoirs, SARS-CoV continues to represent a threat to humans although more than four years have passed since a large outbreak of SARS, and no new cases have been reported. However, we cannot ex- clude the possibility of reemergence of SARS. It is hence necessary to understand the biology of the SARS-CoV to deal adequately with the next outbreak, whenever it happens. The SARS-CoV is a novel coron- avirus with a large (?30 thousand nucleotides) positive-sense, single- stranded RNA containing 14 functional open reading frames (ORFs) of which 2 large ORFs constitute the replicase gene which encodes proteins required for viral RNA syntheses. The remaining 12 ORFs encode the 4 structural proteins: spike, membrane, nucleocapsid and envelope; and eight accessory proteins. The viral genome and its expression within the host cell undergoes extensive translational and enzymatic processing to form the 4 structural, 8 accessory and 16 nonstructural proteins. In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms or capsid assembly and viral pathogenesis, laboratories around the world have adopted a variety of approaches to answering these trivial questions. It has been our effort to consolidate all information known to date about the molecular mech- anisms of the SARS-CoV into this chapter to update our readership on the current status of research. KEYWORDS: coronavirus; structural proteins; accessory proteins; viral capsid; assembly; proteolytic cleavage Address for correspondence: Sunil K. Lal, Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engi- neering & Biotechnology, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India. Voice: 91-11-26177357; fax: 91-11-26162316.
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