Biology of Endothelial Cells

BIOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Lancee cr, ed: Echocardiology. 1979. ISBN 90-247-2209-8. Baan J, Arntzenius AC, Yellin EL, eds: Cardiac dynamics. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2212-8. Thalen HJT, Meere CC, eds: Fundamentals of cardiac pacing. 1970. ISBN 90-247-2245-4. Kulbertus HE, Wellens HJJ, eds: Sudden death. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2290-X. Dreifus LS, Brest AN, eds: Clinical applications of cardiovascular drugs. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2295-0. Spencer MP, Reid JM, eds: Cerebrovascular evaluation with Doppler ultrasound. 1981. ISBN 90-247-90-247-2348-1. Zipes DP, Bailey JC, Elharrar V, eds: The slow inward current and cardiac arrhythmias. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2380-9. Kesteloot H, Joossens JV, eds: Epidemiology of arteral blood pressure. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2386-8. Wackers FJT, ed: Thallium - 201 and technetium-99m-pyrophosphate myocardial imaging in the coronary care unit. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2396-5. Maseri A, Marchesi C, Chierchia S, Trivella MG, eds: Coronary care units. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2456-2. Morganroth J, Moore EN, Dreifus LS, Michelson EL, eds: The evaluation of new antiarrhythmic drugs. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2474-0. Alboni P: Intraventricular conduction disturbances. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2483-X. Rijsterborgh H, ed: Echocardiology. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2491-0. Wagner GS, ed: Myocardial infarction: Measurement and intervention. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2513-5. Meltzer RS, Roelandt J, eds: Contrast echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2531-3. Amery A, Fagard R, Lijnen R, Staessen J, eds: Hypertensive cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and treatment. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2534-8. Bouman LN, Jongsma HJ, eds: Cardiac rate and rhythm. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2626-3. Morganroth J, Moore EN, eds: The evaluation of beta blocker and calcium antagonist drugs. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2642-5. Rosenbaum MB, ed: Frontiers of cardiac electrophysiology. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2663-8. Roelandt J, Hugenholtz PG, eds: Long-term ambulatory electrocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2664-8. Adgey AAJ, ed: Acute phase of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2675-1. Hanrath P, Bleifeld W, Souquet, eds: Cardiovascular diagnosis by Ultrasound. Transesophageal, computerized, contrast, Doppler echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2692-1. Roelandt J, ed: The practice of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2745-6. Meyer J, Schweizer P, Erbel R, ed: Advances in noninvasive cardiology. ISBN 0-89838-576-8. Morganroth J, Moore EN, eds: Sudden cardiac death and congestive heart failure: Diagnosis and treatment. ISBN 0-89838-580-6. Perry HM, ed: Lifelong management of hypertension. ISBN 0-89838-582-2. BIOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS edited by ERIC A. JAFFE Cornell University Medical College Department of Medicine Division of Hematology-Oncology 1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP BOSTON / THE HAGUE / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under tit1e: Biology of endothe1ia1 cells. (Developments in cardiovascUlar medicine) Inc1udes index. 1. Endothe1l,\lIII.-Addresses, essays, 1ectures. 2. eytolbsi-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Jaffe, Eric A. II. Series. (DmH: 1. Endothelium.-Cyto1ogy. 2. Endothelium.--Physio1ogy. Wl DE997'\'ME v. 27 I QS 532.5.E7J QP88.45.B57 1983 599'.0821 83-11464 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9786-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2825-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2825-4 Copyright © 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA. Preface The participation of endothelial cells in various physiologic and pathologic processes has been hypothesized since before the turn of the century. However, until recently, direct evidence for endothelial involvement in these processes has been extremely difficult to obtain due to the inability to study endothelial cell function in vitro. Though the possibility of using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial cell function in vitro was recognized many years ago, the inability to culture unambiguously identifiable endothelial cells limited investigators in their studies of endothelial function. As a result, the field of endothelial cell biology lay relatively fallow for many years. The development in the early 1970's of routine and easily implemented methods for culturing human endothelial cells and the demonstration that cultured endothelial cells synthesized a physiologically relevant protein, Factor VIII/von Willebrand Factor, quickly changed this state of affairs. Over the following decade the scope of endothelial cell research rapidly widened, spreading in a number of directions. First, methods were developed to culture endothelial cells from a variety of species. Second, methods were developed to culture endothelial cells from different organs and types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) within a single species. Third, and most important, investigators began using cultured endothelial cells as tools to study the potential involvement of endothelial cells in a wide assortment of biologically interesting processes. The net result has been a tremendous increase in our understanding of endothelial cell function. This book summarizes our present knowledge of the major facets of endothelial cell physiology which, to large extent, have been delineated in studies using cultured endothelial cells. Eric A. Jaffe Contents Preface by the editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V List of contributors .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI PART ONE: TISSUE CULTURE OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 1. Culture and identification of large vessel endothelial cells by Eric A. Jaffe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Culture of capillary endothelial cells by Bruce R. Zetter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. Culture of endothelial cells from neural capillaries by Phillip D. Bowman, A. Lorris Betz and Gary W. Goldstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Culture of pulmonary endothelial cells on micro carrier beads by Una S. Ryan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5. Construction of an artificial blood vessel wall from cultured endothelial cells by Robert F. Taylor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 PART TWO: DETERMINANTS OF ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL GROWTH "6. Growth requirements for bovine aortic endothelium in vitro by Corinne M. Gajdusek and Stephen M. Schwartz... . .... ..... ... . . .. ... . . ... . . .. . .. . . . 59 7. Contact inhibition in the endothelium by Stephen M. Schwartz and Corinne M. Gajdusek.. . ..... .... . . . ... .... . ... . . .. . .. . ... . 66 8. Endothelial cell motility by Christian C. Haudenschild and Sandra Harris-Hooker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 9. Factors which stimulate the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro by T. Maciag, G.A. Hoover, M.B. Stemerman and R. Weinstein.. .. . . . .. . .... . .... ... .. . . 87 10. Macrophages, neovascularization, and the growth of vascular cells by Michael A. Glmbrone, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 VIII 11. The limited life-span of bovine endothelial cells by Elliot M. Levine, Stephen N. Mueller, Judith B. Grinspan, James P. Noveral and Eliot M. Rosen............................................................................. 108 12. Endothelium, heparin, and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by John J. Castellot, Jr., Robert D. Rosenberg and Morris J. Karnovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 PART THREE: MORPHOLOGY OF CULTURED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 13. Morphology of vascular endothelial cells in culture by Christian C. Haudenschild ........................................................ 129 14. The endothelial cytoskeleton by Stephen H. Blose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 PART FOUR: SYNTHESIS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE ELEMENTS BY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 15. Metabolism of thrombospondin and fibronectin by endothelial cells by Deane F. Mosher, Eliot C. Williams and Paula J. McKeown-Longo..................... 155 16. Collagen synthesis by endothelial cells in culture by Helene Sage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 17. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and vascular endothelial cells by P. Christer Busch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 18. Elastin synthesis by endothelial cells by Jerome O. Cantor, Mary S. Parshley, Ines Mandl and Gerard M. Turino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 19. Gene mapping using hybrids of human endothelial cells and rodent fibroblasts by Nicholas A. Kefalides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 PART FIVE: INTERACTIONS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WITH THE COAGULATION AND COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS AND FORMED ELEMENTS IN BLOOD 20. Properties of plasminogen activators produced by endothelial cells by David J. Loskutoff and Eugene Levin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 21. Synthesis of Factor VIII by endothelial cells by Eric A. Jaffe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 22. Tissue factor activity of cultured human vascular cells by James R. Maynard. ... . . . . ... .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. ... ... . . ... .. .... . .. . . . . . ... . ... . .. 215 23. Activation of Hageman factor by cultured rabbit endothelial cells by David J. Loskutoff and Roger C. Wiggins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 24. Prostacyclin production by endothelial cells by Richard I. Levin, Babette B. Weksler, Aaron J. Marcus and Eric A. Jaffe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 25. Regulation of endothelial cell function by cyclic nucleotides by Andrew I. Schafer, Michael A. Gimbrone, Jr. and Robert I. Handin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 26. Interactions of thrombin, antithrombin III, and protein C with endothelium by Whyte G. Owen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 27. Viral infection of endothelium and the induction of Fc and C3 receptors by Harvey M. Friedman.. .. .... . .. ... ... . . .... . . . .. . .. ... .. . .. .... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . 268 IX 28. Adhesive interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelium by Richard L. Hoover and Morris J. Karnovsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 29. Neutrophil endothelial interactions by Charles F. Moldow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 30. Synthesis of colony stimulating activity by endothelial cells by Peter J. Quesenberry and Michael A. Gimbrone, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 PART SIX: INTERACTION WITH AND METABOLISM OF PLASMA COMPONENTS BY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 31. The metabolism of vasoactive peptides by human endothelial cells by Alice R. Johnson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 32. The metabolism of angiotensin I and bradykinin by endothelial cells by James W. Ryan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 33. Metabolism of serotonin and adenosine by Jeremy D. Pearson and John L. Gordon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 34. Receptors for insulin and multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) in endothelial cells by Robert S. Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 35. Binding of lipoprotein lipase to cultured endothelial cells by Patsy Wang-Iverson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 36. Role of lipoproteins in the regulation of cultured endothelial cell cholesterol metabolism by Phoebe E. Fielding and Christopher J. Fielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 37. Quantitative aspects of endocytosis in cultured endothelial cells by Peter F. Davies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 PART SEVEN: IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS 38. The alloantigens of endothelial cells by Peter Stastny and Gabriel Nunez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 39. Accessory cell function of human endothelial cells: presentation of antigen to T cells by Henry Hirschberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 40. Cell surface markers on endothelial cells: a developmental perspective by Robert Auerbach and Jeymohan Joseph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 PART EIGHT: ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND VASCULAR PROSTHESES 41. Endothelial seeding of vascular prostheses by Russell S. Dilley and Malcolm B. Herring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 PART NINE: ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND CANCER 42. Angiogenesis by Judah Folkman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 x 43. Synthesis of collagenase and plasminogen activator by endothelial cells by David Moscatelli, Janet L. Gross, Eric A. Jaffe and Daniel B. Rifkin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 44. In vitro systems for studying the interaction of metastatic tumor cells with endothelial cells and subendothelial basement membranes by George Poste and Garth L. Nicolson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Index of subjects .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 List of contributors Robert AUERBACH Jerome O. CANTOR Department of Zoology Department of Pathology University of Wisconsin College of Physicians & Surgeons Zoology Research Building of Columbia University 1117 West Johnson St. 630 West 168th Street Madison, WI 53706, USA New York, NY 10032, USA Robert S. BAR John J. CASTELLOT, Jr. Department of Internal Medicine Department of Pathology The University of Iowa Harvard Medical School 3E-21, VA Medical Center Building D2 Iowa City, IA 52240, USA 25 Shattuck Street Boston, MA 02115, USA A. Lorris BETZ Pediatric Neurology Sect. Peter DAVIES Department of Pediatrics & Neurology Department of Pathology University of Michigan Medical Center Harvard Medical School Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis St. Stephen H. BLOSE Boston, MA 02115, USA Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories P.O. Box 100 Russell DILLEY Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA Department of Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Phillip D. BOWMAN Emerson Hall 212 Pediatric Neurology Section 1100 West Michigan Street Department of Pediatrics & Neurology Indianapolis, IN 46223, USA University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Christopher J. FIELDING Department of Physiology Christer BUSCH Room M1315 Department of Pathology Cardiovascular Research Institute University of Uppsala University of California Medical Center Box 553 San Francisco, CA 94143, USA S-75122 Uppsala. Sweden