Biology Questions and Answers

(cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers 1800+ Biology Questions written and organized in a logical way to make the learning of basic Biology easier www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 1 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 2 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Foreword This is the simplest and the most useful Biology book ever made. 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This ebook and its contents are provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind. www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 3 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 4 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Biochemistry.................................................................................................................................... 9 Biochemistry Introduction.......................................................................................................... 11 Water and Mineral Salts............................................................................................................ 13 Carbohydrates........................................................................................................................... 18 Lipids......................................................................................................................................... 20 Proteins..................................................................................................................................... 22 Enzymes................................................................................................................................... 29 Nucleic Acids............................................................................................................................. 35 Cell Biology.................................................................................................................................... 43 Cell Structure............................................................................................................................ 45 Cell Membrane.......................................................................................................................... 54 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement.............................................................................................. 63 Cell Secretion............................................................................................................................ 65 Cell Digestion............................................................................................................................ 66 Cell Nucleus.............................................................................................................................. 68 Cell Division.............................................................................................................................. 73 Photosynthesis.......................................................................................................................... 84 Cell Respiration......................................................................................................................... 91 Protein Synthesis...................................................................................................................... 99 Microbiology................................................................................................................................ 107 Bacteria................................................................................................................................... 109 Protists.................................................................................................................................... 113 Fungi....................................................................................................................................... 117 Viruses.................................................................................................................................... 120 Zoology........................................................................................................................................ 123 Life Kingdoms......................................................................................................................... 125 Poriferans................................................................................................................................ 128 Cnidarians............................................................................................................................... 131 Platyhelminthes....................................................................................................................... 135 Nematodes.............................................................................................................................. 139 Annelids.................................................................................................................................. 142 Arthropods.............................................................................................................................. 147 Molluscs.................................................................................................................................. 154 Echinoderms........................................................................................................................... 158 Chordates............................................................................................................................... 161 Fishes..................................................................................................................................... 164 Amphibians............................................................................................................................. 167 Reptiles................................................................................................................................... 170 Birds........................................................................................................................................ 173 Mammals................................................................................................................................ 176 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 5 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Blood....................................................................................................................................... 185 Metabolism and Homeostasis................................................................................................. 191 Nutrition and Vitamins............................................................................................................. 193 Digestive System.................................................................................................................... 198 Respiratory System................................................................................................................. 211 Circulatory System.................................................................................................................. 219 Excretory System.................................................................................................................... 231 Epithelia.................................................................................................................................. 238 Musculoskeletal System.......................................................................................................... 241 Nervous System...................................................................................................................... 247 Visual System......................................................................................................................... 261 Hearing System....................................................................................................................... 264 Endocrine System................................................................................................................... 266 Immune System...................................................................................................................... 278 Gametogenesis....................................................................................................................... 286 Reproductive System.............................................................................................................. 291 Embryology.................................................................................................................................. 301 Embryonic Development......................................................................................................... 303 Extraembryonic Membranes................................................................................................... 308 Botany......................................................................................................................................... 311 Plant Classification.................................................................................................................. 313 Bryophytes.............................................................................................................................. 316 Pteridophytes.......................................................................................................................... 317 Gymnosperms......................................................................................................................... 320 Angiosperms........................................................................................................................... 323 Plant Tissues........................................................................................................................... 328 Plant Physiology...................................................................................................................... 334 Genetics...................................................................................................................................... 345 Genetic Concepts.................................................................................................................... 347 Mendel's Laws........................................................................................................................ 352 Non-mendelian Inheritance..................................................................................................... 357 Linkage and Crossing Over..................................................................................................... 362 Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Inheritance...................................................................... 365 Blood Types............................................................................................................................ 370 Karyotype and Genetic Diseases............................................................................................ 375 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle................................................................................................ 379 Genetic Engineering................................................................................................................ 382 Evolution...................................................................................................................................... 387 Origin of Life............................................................................................................................ 389 Theory of Evolution................................................................................................................. 395 Ecology........................................................................................................................................ 403 Concepts of Ecology............................................................................................................... 405 Earth's Biomes........................................................................................................................ 407 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 6 (cid:66)(cid:117)(cid:121)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:97)(cid:32)(cid:80)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:32)(cid:40)(cid:118)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:114)(cid:111)(cid:99)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:103)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:46)(cid:99)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:41) (cid:84)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:115)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:32)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:58)(cid:32)(cid:52)(cid:75)(cid:83)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:54)(cid:52)(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:48)(cid:55) Biology Questions and Answers Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids........................................................................................ 411 Biogeochemical Cycles........................................................................................................... 416 Biodiversity.............................................................................................................................. 419 Ecological Interactions............................................................................................................ 422 Ecological Succession............................................................................................................. 426 Population Ecology................................................................................................................. 428 Environmental Issues.............................................................................................................. 432 Diseases...................................................................................................................................... 439 Concepts of Parasitism........................................................................................................... 441 Bacterial Infections.................................................................................................................. 443 Protozoan Diseases............................................................................................................... 446 Fungal Infections..................................................................................................................... 452 Viral Infections......................................................................................................................... 453 Worm Diseases....................................................................................................................... 461 Prion Diseases........................................................................................................................ 467 www.biology-questions-and-answers.com 7 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