Breast Image Reconstruction and Cancer Detection Using Microwave Imaging

Breast Image Reconstruction and Cancer Detection Using Microwave Imaging Online at: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2592-9 Breast Image Reconstruction and Cancer Detection Using Microwave Imaging Hardik N Patel Assistant Professor, ICT, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India Deepak K Ghodgaonkar ProfessoratDhirubhaiAmbaniInstituteofInformationandCommunicationTechnology, India Jasjit S Suri AtheroPoint LLC, Roseville, CA, USA IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK ªIOPPublishingLtd2022 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor undertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.Multiplecopyingispermittedin accordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyright ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations. PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought atpermissions@ioppublishing.org. HardikNPatel,DeepakKGhodgaonkarandJasjitSSurihaveassertedtheirrighttobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988. ISBN 978-0-7503-2592-9(ebook) ISBN 978-0-7503-2590-5(print) ISBN 978-0-7503-2593-6(myPrint) ISBN 978-0-7503-2591-2(mobi) DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-2592-9 Version:20221201 IOPebooks BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London IOPPublishing,No.2TheDistillery,Glassfields,AvonStreet,Bristol,BS20GR,UK USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia, PA19106,USA Iwouldliketodedicatethisworktomyguru,myparents,mywifeandmykid‘Tanay’. Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv Author biographies xv 1 Introduction to breast cancer 1-1 1.1 Introduction to cancer 1-1 1.2 Worldwide cancer statistics 1-2 1.3 Breast cancer statistics 1-3 1.3.1 Breast cancer prediction 1-7 1.4 Breast anatomy and breast cancer 1-10 1.5 Summary 1-14 References 1-14 2 Introduction to breast cancer detection techniques 2-1 2.1 Imaging modalities for breast cancer screening 2-1 2.2 Mammography 2-2 2.2.1 History of mammography 2-3 2.2.2 Basic understanding of mammography 2-4 2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of mammography 2-6 2.3 Ultrasound imaging 2-6 2.3.1 History of ultrasound 2-7 2.3.2 Physics of ultrasound 2-8 2.3.3 Current status of ultrasound imaging 2-8 2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound 2-8 2.4 Magnetic resonanace imaging 2-9 2.4.1 Short history of MRI 2-9 2.4.2 Working principle of MRI 2-10 2.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of MRI 2-11 2.5 Positron emission tomography 2-11 2.5.1 Short history of PET 2-12 2.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PET 2-12 2.6 Diffuse optical tomography 2-12 2.6.1 Short history of optical tomography 2-12 2.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of diffuse optical 2-13 tomography vii BreastImageReconstructionandCancerDetectionUsingMicrowaveImaging 2.7 Electrical impedance tomography 2-13 2.7.1 Advantages and disadvantages of EIT 2-13 2.8 Computed tomography (CT) 2-13 2.8.1 Short history of CT 2-13 2.8.2 Advantages and disadvantages of CT 2-14 2.9 Microwave imaging 2-14 2.9.1 Passive microwave imaging 2-14 2.9.2 Active microwave imaging 2-14 2.10 Comparison of mammography, MRI and ultrasound 2-15 2.11 Overview of image reconstruction methods 2-15 2.11.1 Algebraic reconstruction 2-15 2.11.2 Analytic reconstruction 2-17 2.11.3 Statistical reconstruction 2-17 2.11.4 Learned iterative reconstruction 2-18 2.12 Summary 2-18 References 2-18 3 Introduction to microwave imaging 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Introduction to passive microwave imaging 3-2 3.2.1 Emission principles 3-2 3.2.2 Radiative transfer 3-3 3.2.3 Bio-heat transfer 3-4 3.2.4 Temperature resolution 3-4 3.3 Microwave radiometry for cancer detection 3-5 3.3.1 Multiprobe radiometric imaging 3-7 3.3.2 Multi-frequency microwave radiometry 3-11 3.4 Active microwave imaging 3-12 3.5 Summary 3-15 References 3-15 4 Finite difference time domain method for microwave 4-1 breast imaging 4.1 Overview of computational electromagnetic methods 4-1 4.1.1 Low frequency methods 4-1 4.1.2 High frequency methods 4-3 4.2 Motivation 4-3 viii BreastImageReconstructionandCancerDetectionUsingMicrowaveImaging 4.3 Overview of FDTD 4-4 4.4 Derivation of basic FDTD update equations 4-5 4.5 Polarization current density equation derivation for numerical 4-14 breast phantom region 4.6 Electric field update equation derivation for numerical breast 4-17 phantom region 4.7 Derivation of electric field update equations for PML region 4-19 4.8 Magnetic field update equations 4-22 4.9 Steps for FDTD implementation 4-24 4.10 Simulation parameters 4-24 4.11 Results 4-24 4.12 Summary 4-26 References 4-29 5 3D level set based optimization 5-1 5.1 Multiple frequency inverse scattering problem formulation 5-1 5.2 Introduction 5-1 5.3 Problem formulation 5-2 5.4 Review of previous work 5-4 5.5 Theoretical foundations 5-9 5.5.1 Evolution approach 5-11 5.5.2 Optimization approach 5-12 5.6 Single 3D level set function based optimization 5-13 5.7 Two 3D level set function based optimization 5-15 5.7.1 3D level set based regularized optimization 5-18 5.7.2 Steps for 3D level set based optimization implementation 5-20 5.8 Simulation parameters 5-20 5.9 Results 5-21 5.10 Summary 5-27 References 5-29 6 Method of moments 6-1 6.1 Theoretical background 6-1 6.2 Problem formulation 6-6 6.3 Computation reduction using group theory 6-8 6.3.1 Human breast models 6-8 6.3.2 Symmetry exploitation using group theory 6-10 ix