CGP GSCE Biology AQA Revision Guide

b CGP GCSE Biology I oy ay N@Y:W (@x¢clolmo ep) The Revision Guide What to Expect in the Exams Before you get cracking witn your reso he ‘andthe epail Festurs ofthe bea that ws handy gues te what yo’ have to face inthe exams es nclded eszecally to rep you ‘Youre wekorne © Topics are Covered in Different Papers Far GCSE Bilgy, yout st ats ; Time ths Tops Ase Reena etal i tae TheaSrine | 190 | Le Sand acai an 7 [thet5 wine [100 [5 €and 7 ana Senn @ There are Different Question Types cam, youl be expected to arewer a miture of ru tise chee question sacred questions usstions that have sors. clase acne a wal as gpa recone ques Or + same pen riage questo, youll e marked the oval ually of yeu sie, rot jut its sclentc corte, So, (alaya make sve Ye amar the question fal ‘eo inch dead, ean infarmabon + Yeur answers la and hes log @ You'll be Tested on your Maths. At lent 103 oe tot. nacs for GCSE B ologr 2 oh hc an Ws ik wil come fom que ors Ul tet rou ule a = " Seren es atte all ned 0 er Far these qusions,aluays seer i Show your working — you coulé gat ars fer ths, even iFycur nal arsne’s wrong ‘Check thatthe uns of your anne the sane as the ones the aed ori the quetion ‘Make aire your ance is glen 22 an aproprate sume ign ant ig, @ ...and on your Practical Skills CSE U ology cont Feet pcatea act Kis Woot youll Go curry the cee ver ad Meme You ean be aed shou: these, and he practi sis ieled hem in be ecm Shssco maar Me Att 15 fe Lata mats wl be fo questions that ist your For exarpleyou mgt be asked: comment nthe design of an exzerient (the spoartis ard methsd, make orediciors, anal or nkapret sus Piel wich ag gta wl plating arid cat ge oi Ue real peer Pra Sk on es B30, © You'll need ta know about Working Scientifically Ying Saially sf abot how sins apie i Us bike nord by For oampl you right ahd abou pth cen communi an eats gt $y Sct toe pon cos wit beng Hine ov abur em taies oats teoy 3 srdtarge ‘You alto tink about she sulin tht you've been sven ane Abeaps ws all your scien: sw Uz answer the question de queso ae ap dal you's bon ye el ate uly ine a lal nso arse Get organ-ised for Biology with CGP. There's a ot to learr 1» SCSE Biology, that’ for sure. Luckily this CGP book explains the facts theory and practical sks youl need — with p questions en each page to tes: you cn what you've leamed. CGP — still the best! © Our sole aim here a= CGP ic ta produce the highest quality keaks — carefully wetten, immaculately presearec and dangern.dy close to being Ther we work cur socks of to get ther out te you = al the cheapest posible prices Contents Working Scientifically “The Seine Method CCorwraniason & Ise Created by Se ence Rik Designng investigations... Colecing Dats. Procesing and Presenting Units and Equations - Drawing Cond, Uncertainties and Ex uation ‘Topic 1 — Cell Biology Cells, Microscopy on ‘More on Moxon Cell Daerntsion and Special sab CChremosomes and Mito Binary Fasicn Cutuing Merorganions, Stem Cel : Difusion. intaonatets Osmo Atv Transpo Exchange Sure, Exchanging Substances. ‘More om Exchanging Substances, Revision Questions fr Tose ‘Topic 2— Organisation Cell Organ nen Enns — Incetigaing Enzyorae Reatinns, Enzymes and Digestion nomen More an Enagrnes and [gest Fed Tica The Lungs Cacultory yarn — The Bent Circulatory System — Blood Veit one Coal diey Spe — Disses Cachirasulnc iene M Hall and Dawe 9 Ceraau lt Distt nnn ise Facts for Non- Comm onicable Diseases Career Plant Cell Orgs rarsiaion and Traralcaton: Ta spitaion and Szorraca. Bassin Suestions for Tazie 2 ‘Topic 3— Infection and Response Conmuriaéle Disease... ‘Yl Fangal aed ist reas, Beerréal Distaes and Preventing Disses F ghting D386 me 7 Fghting Qsease — Vaccination, Fghing Dsease — Droge Developing Dri gsomren oem ‘Moretlonal Amides, ‘More en Monee onl Antibodies. Plan Disenses and Dele, Bassin Guestions fr Tasie 3 ‘Topic 4— Bioenergetics Phetesyhs and Leg FARE neon? Tr Rae oF Pho:nyithers 38 Respir aed Acta 61 Abie and Anes Resin 8 Ene 8 asien Suton fr Toi oe 64 ‘Topic § — Homeostasis and Respons Homes 65 The Nero Site emnannnnnnn 6 Synapses and Rell. st Invstgating Re 90 Twn 68 wt Ban “9 THe Bi canteen Correcting V sion Dee nm Coctr ing Body Temperate 2 The EON Sith rennin Corto ing Bla Shawne. aes Te Steen dey Pa Urns Paety aed ie Movslust Cle Corto ing Fett... ‘Moreen Contrll ng Fert. Habernine and Thyra Plans Hotta one Conmerdal Uses of an: Hormones Recon Cyestons for Tosi 5 ‘Topic 6— Inheritance, Variation and Evolution INA 4 “The Structure of DIA and Prten Syne on 85 Niiton es ecreinsntiac ens Repraduticn a Nil ceinnincinanicanarnciesintinicet® (More on Reptodii mmm 89 X and Y Chromasomes 30 Genetic Daepa mini coe (More Genetic Dagens, on Ieherted Disord mn 3 The Wore 0° Merde. o Variation 95, Evelina More About Even ~~ Selective Breeding Gevetic Erginecing Cloning Fess. Speestion Anibiove-Resstant Bact Chisifeation Revision Question fer To ‘Topic — Ecology Compestion Abiocie and Bias Fs Acactato Food Chalo sing Quaraine sing “acseets Erircrnetal Change G The Water Cle. The Carcon Cycle. Diestfraincics acsaata loves gating Dee Biociuerity ard Waste Maragenent lab Viarnng Delorstation ane Lind Use PMuintisieg Ecostore anc Bio dvr Troohi Level Prram ds f Biomass. Boras Taner. Food Sezutty avd Farming. Bitschro oy Revision Custions or Top 7. Practical Sle Mascting Subst: eating, Safety ard this. Potornetis and Miroscapes Sap ing ne Comparing Ress aint by cor ro cig mata fy Rehr ons ors Coats uae anne Hanes Cu MLC and ah Pao ‘yt ants Hage Thompon and Spi non othe ses ‘Tov eg, peut ar eg Mucraors © Coot Almere ion Fsten ow 4 (2a 3018 Working Scientifically 1 The Scientific Method ‘hia oootion ict about how fo ‘dot ceianoe Scientists Come Up With Hypotheses — Then Test Them 1). Scien ry fo wxcain thing hoy srt by saving erring thoy don undrstand. 2) They than come up vith a bupotbans — » pone mxlanaion for wha they've chaared. 23) ‘he nen step 40a whether the hypothose might be igh! or not. This involves making @ prediction besed on the hypothests and tecting H by gathering evidence sla) from iavestigavons. WF pvidence from experiments bucks up a prediction, you're clap closer To figuring out the hypothasis i fue ut it dose chow you the way mozt eniontizts work Several Scientists Will Test a Hypothesis 1) Normal, ooiontite share thelr Pings In pent-rvewerjournala. or ot gonferences. 2) Bow-eview 's vhore uihorcxianists check rasulls and scientific explanations tor ‘siento’ (e.g, thst experiments have been done in a sensible way) Se i] 1 published. It haps to datz fala claims, but it Haast rsenn that findings aro gorent — just that thoy'0 not wrong. in ary obvious way. 2) Once othr sean five found ot about o hypothe, tha ter busing thal ty ee out ts en izadations oni and cory out Volcan exparinacta, Toy leo ryto sunk Ya at td Tiguan the cgi espera a chao the tals — stl if lhe exerinanta = = inthe wetld hace ub the Kypothai, than ack ert to thede the hypothe cue 4) However, solnit dows an expermert hut oman't Bt wih the hypothese (ard other eleniate can rpredoe the rela) then the hypothele moy need tobe nadfed or ara llogether. IFAll the Evidence Supports a Hypothesis, It's Accepted — For Now Y Aveepted hypothaaos sre often referred to as thenrieg. Our eurrantiy ‘gooepted theories ore the ones that have survived this “trial by evidenoo’ — they've been tested many times over the yours und gurvived. 2) owner, thorns navtrbacor totaly hvilsputable fn} raw evidence ms tlorg tho! oan‘t he axplanad using tho existing theory, then tho Bypothoninng on footing sly fo crt. ovr gti, Neva Theories Can Involve Different Types of Models 1) A representational mode! i a simaled descriston or pistuse of what's {Eoing on in rel if, Like oll models # osm be used 4s explsin obsarvafions tnd make prediotione, £.g. the lnk snd key model cf enzyme aoton Is.@ lmplifed way of showing how snzymas work (see p.28). It can me Dbeused fo waplain wig eizymes: ky oafokyse particular reac irene 2) Computational madls use computers to make sizuitiions of complex real-life processes, such as climate change. They're used when there area lat of detent variables (factor that change) fo once, and beowu you oan easy ching thelr detign to take Into aooount neve data ‘on what they e2n explain of predict. Cinale change models have several Fats — for example, i's hard 4n fake into ancrint ll the biological an chemical processes that influence chrate, If oan aloo be dieu Yo includo rgjonal varstion® in olenate, I'm off to the z00 to test my hippo-thesi: The ssentie mesiod has bee: developed over tne, adany seaple hae telped wo develop. From Arstole tosmdern day clei, tls of pecple hve sorte. Ata any coceare Ley so canbe te ule Working Scientifically Communication & Issues Created by Science ScientiRe developments oan be grect, but they can sometimes more questions than they anssver. It’s Important to Communicate Scientific Discaveries to the General Public Scane scientific discoveries show that propla should change their bali, or thy might provide ideas. that could be daveloner! into new technology. So soentists need to fall the word azout ther discoveries. are vaed in genetic eninetting to produce gonetioily modifi orope. Information shout thove crops needs fo be eumun cated fo farmare who might benefit from growing them and fo the general pub. so they can make informed decisions ebou! the food they buy and e Sclentific Evidence can he Presented in a Biased Way | 1) Reports about soisntife d'coveries inthe media (e.g. seuspapers or television) aran't peer-reviewed 2) Thi meane that. oven though news atovie arv often hnxed on data that hae bean peer-reviewod. the data imight be presected ina way that fe avat-simplii! oF naceuite, making H open fo misinterpretaion 8) People who want to make a point can sometimes presen’ dain nw biased way. (Sometimes vilhcul knowing ‘they’ doing it) For example, scientist ight overemphasis o rlstionshp in the dato, oF a rewepaper tile might desorbe cetnts of data oupporting ar idea without giving any evidence aainat i Scientific Developments are Great, but they can Raise Issues Selentifickoavladge in nccanaad by doing experinonts. And thin knowlege lead 40 azianific devalopinents e.g, now technologies or new advice, These dovelopmants oon oreate jaaune though. Fer example Faonomieiawvon: Bocioty cant aways Soci! inauon: Decisions based on ocien‘te evidenoe afford fo do things eointiate rcoommend _affeot popie — 6. ehouldaloohol te banned (ea. investing in {to provent heath problam}?. Would the affect on ‘people's Bfustules be sucentable,..7 Panaoaaun: Sons dere set oman at: Human ay fm ena he individuele. For example, comoene might ncural onvironmant — e.g. gcnetoaly mociind orepe ma ‘wupportallernstive eney, but cbject a help ue to produce mors ‘od — but sume people think wind frm ie bull wax fo thee house, hey could caves envircansnlal probleme (eee p99). Science Can't Answer Every Question — Especially Ethical Ones 1) Wo don’t understand everything. We're chvaye fing out mors, but wel never know el tho anewere. 2) In onder to arswer seiontie questions, scimfats need daa ty prove evins for their hypotheses. ) Some questions con't bs answered yst because the date can't eurantly be colacta, ‘or becauce there's not enouzh data fo support a theory 4) Evenfucly, se we get more evidenee, we'l answer some of the questions that eurenty eun't be newer, 9g. wal the kepacl of goin wari ona levels wil hm. Bat thaw wll vay be the —Ee ype questions that — tant ay ot [New d-vgo could lot pcople think in ways Loyond the powicea of nora being. the pa ey thy Lal — Hy ld iv you a unl atas n ana. Ad poe nigh be poassured ilo loking ther £9 thal Tray oould work more ellectively, ard fr gar hours Tek about il es be fake fo bows ‘ibis Bese facet ae ar tals Gale al asa area Bae Tea to milk or milk to tea? — Totally unanswerable by science. Science cam’ tell you whather er nt vou sbould do someting. Tats fr you sod o decide, But rere sre of questions science might be able to awe, ike whee fe cae fm ant hese ny et socks ate ‘Working Scientifically ‘By reading ths page you are azrecing. to the rice of a paper eut or severe drowsiness... Nothing is Completely Risk-Free 1) Aazard ts eomething thet could potentially couse harm 22) All hazarcs have tick allached fo thers — thes the chance thatthe hazard wil cause harm. {9} The rks of some things acer prety olwious, or we've knawn about them for a ubile, ike the vik of ‘causing oid rain by pollting the tmocphore, or af having # oar noident when youre traveling in 2 oar. 4) New lechnology ering fom scientife advances oon bring naw ticks, og. scienliste are uncure whether ‘navopatticles thet are being used oasinetos ard suneream might be harming the ovis in our bodies. ‘These aks need to be considered gloagtide the berafis ofthe technelogy, ex. improved sun protection, '5) You can actimate the size ofa risk beoed on how many times somathing happens ina big sare (e.g. 106000 pwople) over a van pared (ew your). For exampa, you could asuess the risk of w diver crashing by recording how many people na group of 100000 drivers orashed their care over @ 16) To mnke decisions about sotv that involv hazards, we neod to take into weoount the chance of ‘the hazard causing harm, an! how cavicue the coniequenoss would bo iH cid. IF an aay iwvohoe a hazerd that's vary Iily 4 ecuss harm, with serous consequences Wit does, H's eone'dered high rik. People Make Their Own Decisions About Risk | 1) Not ll ricks havo the same conieauenous, ©. F you obop veg with a sharp knife you rick outing your finger. but if you go seubediving you “ek death. Yeu'w much more lkaly ‘9 cut your finger during half an hour of chopping than odie during half hour of poubsscixing. But moet people sre happier to acoept a higher probly of en wooident if the eonasquances are shor’slved nnd frkly nor. 2) People fond 10 be mora wiling to avo a risk i thay shooce Yo do comething (0. £0 oouba diving). ‘compared fo having the isk inp! an thom {oa Paving @ nuoloar power cfation bultroxt door). 8) People's peroaplon of risk (how risky thay think someting is) tuays agourale. They tera to iu fart acting 98 lash and unm lat actos at highaisk — even i that's not the case For example, eyeing on roads is often high-risk, but many people are happy to doi basauce i a fain aot. Air travel i actully pretty safe, but © Hot oF poople perceive it a highsick. 4) People mey over-estimate the Hak of hinge wih Lng-leem oF favisible effects Investigations Can be Hazardous | 1) Hazards from eclonoo experiment might noude: + Microorganisms, « geome bacleria oer make you i + Chom, «.. aufnio acd ean burn your kin and alaohols otc fre + Fito et an unattended Bunsen burror fs a rs hezond. + Heciicy, e.g, aly elect equips! could give you a hoe. 2) Pact of planning ivestignton in raking ir the Wn safe 33) You dhould aways make euto thot you idantify al the hczonde that you might endounfor. Then you should ¢hiok of waye of raduoing the sks from the hazard: you've Wlaniifec. For exam + lf you're working with cuifuric acid, chvaye woot glovos ond cafoty gogglec. Tie will rodeo] tha tsk of the aod coming Ina contact wth your sk and ayes. 85018 0408 HC aa ae ne Labo pte. + Tf you'e using a Buns bane, stad fon 9 heal proof val hy bos This wall reduce she nk of staring a fire Not revising — an unacceptable exam hazard... ‘The worlds x dngeros pla aceep seme rks, you ca but i vou ean recognise hazards, decide hui 1 weduce thse rsks, and be happy to ave “im dust wrayhe con’ go skyeivirg wah agieat white shark an Fay 13th Working Scientifically Designing Investigations Dig out your lab coat and dust down your batly-coratched safely copes... i invasigaton tin. Investigations Produce Evidence to Support or Disprove a Hypothesis | 1) elentate chars things sna come up with hypothesis #0 explin ther (ae pl). ‘You need to be able t0 do the same. Fer example ‘Disarvaton: People have bg feet and spots. Hunolluas Waving bi fee onseesopots 2) To delenmine whether or nota hpothessie aht, you need fo do an invesigaton to gathor teddence. To do thie, yo need fo en your Fpoihoes to make a pradchan — something you {hk all hapnan that You edn feat. Eg. people who have bigger fat+ wil have rmore apo. 8) Investigations sre weed to eve if therw are valtorse or ralutonshipe betwown tus variables, TT there's « pattern o° relationship between the varablen ‘number of epote! and ‘ize of Fee Evidence Needs to be Repeatable, Reproducible and Valid 1) Repeatabla meure that ifthe sume person dove sn experiment again using ‘the saine melhods and equipment, they'l get sar reaula 2) ‘Reproducible moune thot if gomwone olve doea the experiment ota diferent ‘mothod oF piooo of equipmont i uted, the reauls vl til bo cnc. 8) Wedotais ropeolable and peproducl, Ve ssllubla ard ecko ‘more kaly o have confidence tn it 4) Voll easulis ave both vopestable el reprodueible AND they ‘Thoy ome from expermante that were doclgned fo bo a FAIR TEST. To Make an Investigation a Fair Test You Have to Contra! the Variables 1) Ina lb experiment you uevaly change one varable and meagure how Wt affects another variable. 2) Torrake it far tne, everything elarthit covld ef the results chovld slay the pare —otheriise you can't “ll the thing you're chonging ie causing the resus oF not. 3) The varieblo you CHANGE is exled the INDEPENDENT varias. 4} The variable you MEASURE wher, you change the independent variable i the DEPENDENT va 15) the variable that you KEEP THE AAME ore eilled CONTROL variable, You eould nd how femmatauzeaffeote*e rte of n engymt-ooatraled action. the indapondent saibla the lemporaiure. The dapandont variable isthe rate reaction, Con variables Inolude the concentration and amounte of reaotants, pH, the time perlod you meacure, oto. 6) Booause you oon't avays contol ol he variables, you offen necd to uoe a eontvol oxperiment. Thi is an experiment that's kept undar the came condiiane ac the rect of the Investigation, but dogsn’t have anything done to it, This i eo that you can oew wha happen when you don't change anything atl The Bigger the Sample Size the Better 1) Dota baced on mall amplcs fan’ on good aa eta based on large carlos. & sample chouldrepreaont the hale poptlation (ue it ehould chara a5 many of tho dhstactarctes inthe poptlaton se possible) — j arall sample car't do that as well Ie alco harder #0 spot aromal esi your simple size Is foo smal 12) the big to sarcpln ai she ats, hu cians have to b sesso when ching hou big For example. you were stusrg haw Meaty ests people's waht id be grest fo study everyone ns tho UK. (a hugo 2ample), but fake agca end coct« bomb. Va more redo to c+udy a thousand people, wih a minture uf agse, gender snd moe This is no high street survey — it’s a designer investigation... Notenty do you ned to tle phen your vn investivations, you shad also be able 1 09 ut someone else plan an decide wheter cr nat it needs inyrewing Working Scientifically Teme ceariners aren't hal demvatding